Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Stroke: A Literature Review of the Current Role and Controversies of Neurorehabilitation Through Electromagnetic Pulses.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective method used for the treatment of various neurological diseases, including stroke, epilepsy, and movement disorders. The pathophysiological mechanism for the effect of TMS is not clear. In this literature review, we conducted a detailed search regarding the effect of rTMS on neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity through the modulation of neuronal excitability. Evidence suggests that intramolecular subatomic mechanisms, including genetic changes related to neuronal prevention and death, play an important role. We also discuss the use of rTMS in the rehabilitation of patients with stroke and its main complications, as well as alternative mechanisms related to recovery, emphasizing the findings of available evidence and touching on possible controversies and limitations of the method.

Dispersión hídrica de enteroparásitos en una zona agropecuaria de gran altitud, en Los Andes Ecuatorianos / Water dispersion of enteroparasites in a high-altitude agricultural area, in The Ecuadorian Andes

La finalidad de esta investigación fue determinar las especies de enteroparásitos que son vehiculizadas por agua de regadío, entubada y estancada, como factor de riesgo asociado a la transmisión en una comunidad rural de la provincia de Chimborazo-Ecuador. Se realizó una investigación de campo, transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico intencional, en el que se incluyeron 214 muestras de agua: 37 de canales de riego, 147 que surten las viviendas y 30 estancadas. Las muestras se analizaron mediante Sedimentación espontánea, técnica de Bailenger (modificada) y coloración de Ziehl Neelsen (modificada). El agua de regadío y la estancada, obtuvieron el 100% de contaminación parasitaria y en menor grado la entubada, con 57,14%. La mayor proporción fue de protozoarios (70,56%), seguidos de chromistas (40,65%) y helmintos (13,08%). Entre los parásitos transmisibles, se destacan: Blastocystis spp. (40,65%), Amebas de vida libre (5,61%), Entamoeba spp. (8,41%), Giardia duodenalis (6,54%), Balantidium spp. (13,51%), Cryptosporidium spp. (17,76%), Cyclospora spp. (3,74%), Cystoisospora spp. (2,34%), Eimeria spp. (13,55%), Dibothriocephalus spp. (0,47%) y larvas de nemátodos (13,08%). Los resultados evidencian la presencia de parásitos de transmisión hídrica en los tres cuerpos de agua estudiados, lo que constituye un riesgo de infección humana, veterinaria y de contaminación para los productos agrícolas

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the species of enteroparasites that are carried by irrigated, piped and stagnant water, as a risk factor associated with transmission in a rural community in the province of Chimborazo-Ecuador. A cross-sectional field investigation was carried out, with an intentional non-probability sampling, in which 214 water samples were included: 37 from irrigation canals, 147 that supply the houses and 30 stagnant. The samples were analyzed by spontaneous sedimentation, Bailenger technique (modified) and Ziehl Neelsen staining (modified). Irrigation and stagnant water obtained 100% of parasitic contamination and to a lesser extent piped, with 57.14%. The highest proportion was of protozoa (70.56%), followed by chromists (40.65%) and helminths (13.08%). Among the transmissible parasites, the following stand out: Blastocystis spp. (40.65%), Free-living amoebas (5.61%), Entamoeba spp. (8.41%), Giardia duodenalis (6.54%), Balantidium spp. (13.51%), Cryptosporidium spp. (17.76%), Cyclospora spp. (3.74%), Cystoisospora spp. (2.34%), Eimeria spp. (13.55%), Dibothriocephalus spp. (0.47%) and nematode larvae (13.08%). The results show the presence of parasites of water transmission in the three bodies of water studied, which constitutes a risk of human, veterinary infection and contamination for agricultural products